Ether / Aether Project

2007-12-31T10:52:00.001Z

according to this site stats, some of you have stayed for hours reading the content, so please give me a feed back about what you think.

The curvature of light

Thank you for giving me the opportunity to share this perspective with you. Actually, since I begun focusing on the medium rather than medium manifestations (waves), it appears to be more simple and more easy to mentally visualize fundamental physics.

First of all, we have to forget light and consider only a wave in a mechanical medium because :

it’s easier to visualize,
the amount of possibilities is reduced,
and also because it’s the effective research methodology that helped Lorentz and Maxwell formalise their theories.

INTRODUCTION

Let’s first put some postulates (from WSM Principle I – The scalar wave equation in Space):

A wave is only a disturbance that propagates through a medium. Electromagnetic waves, sound, both behave like any mechanical waves in a mechanical medium.

Matter is only a set of mechanical disturbances through a medium (in-waves and out-waves).

What makes light change it’s trajectory when it past near the sun?

Imagine a wave propagating trough a 3 dimensions mechanical medium. What are all the possibilities you have to modify its trajectory?

One of the most simple possibilities in a mechanical medium is to bend physically the medium it self. And in a mechanical medium, this behaviour is trivial (I can deepen it if needed). We will consider it as a possibility and see if it fits to all other light bending manifestation.

This characteristic is explained differently in WSM; the second Principle II is used to calculate the density of the quantum wave medium – the space all around us. Einstein’s Last Question Milo Wolff

Possibility A : If a wave changes direction it means that the medium is distorted.

Then the sun does not curve light, it curves the medium where the light pass. More generally, matter curves waves medium

The energy density (or tensions) on the left side of any point (blue line for example) in the bent medium is higher than on the right side. the inside wave structure it self is bent (red line)

this distortion characteristic of mechanical mediums is formalized mathematically using tensors, and its demonstrated using numerical simulation: from tension source to infinity, tension drop follows the inverse square law.

How a medium can be distorted?

From a mechanical medium point of view and because the possibilities are highly reduced; there is only one thing which can be the source of distortion (or any other phenomenon): waves

Lets consider Einstein explanation, he has described geometrically the solution: light bend is due to gravity, which is the curvature of space-time.

But is there a relationship between space-time and light medium?

Postulates of Lorentz's ether model: (2) (page 402)
- the existence of a light medium
- a real length contraction along axis"the motion through the aether" (length contraction vs time dilation)
If we accept the possibility of an Aether as a medium of electromagnetic waves, then we have to accept that it can stretch and bend. otherwise it would not vibrate. Distortion is a fundamental characteristic of any 3 dimensions vibrating mechanical medium (It seems to me that it's obvious but I can deepen if needed)
I have found nearly nothing in literature except a possible answer given by a set of publications synthesised in an arxiv paper by Alexander Unzicker. It has linked relativity and the behaviour of a crystal dislocation (the medium). such as, the speed of a crystal dislocation suffers a longitudinal contraction. (1)

Consequences of the proposed solution :

Possibility B : space-time is the geometrical description of a crystal type wave medium (the Aether). Thus curvature of space time and curvature of light medium are describing the same emerging phenomenon: gravity

Considering the curvature of the in-wave and out-wave, why they are spherical and why they don’t propagate like other waves?

The answer of this question is described by WSM according to match principle:

note: I totally understand this relation between the electron and its environment and the way they exchange energy trough waves. but when we get back to our 3d mechanical medium, an additional characteristic is needed to keep electron wave stable, and not propagate linearly through the medium like any "normal" wave. What is presented next is based on refraction issue, it does not contradict with WSM concept; but it's the most simple possible explanation:

Because by postulate all the waves are only disturbances, always in the same mechanical medium, what makes light bend should also be what makes in-wave and out-wave bend and compose spherical standing waves. We will see that it perfectly explains light refraction

Let’s make this theoretical concept visual:

The officially accepted definition of refraction:

Refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its speed. This is most commonly seen when a wave passes from one medium to another (Wikipedia)(hyperphysics)...

Actually in this case, the official definition contradicts with our postulates and possibilities:

light does not pass from a medium to another because there is only one medium of light. What is really happening (according to our postulates and possibilities) is that water structure (matter) distort light medium as settled in “Consequence C”. It passes from a medium distorted structure D1 to another distorted structure D2
If there is only one medium of light, it can not be a light speed change because light velocity is nearly(3) fixed in such medium whether there is matter (distortion) in it or not. Then it’s a medium structure alteration or distortion that make light trajectory change and turn around each matter (baryonic particles) which slows the global velocity but not the local velocity of light. Here is a visual explanation:

n=c/v is the refractive index

(I can deepen this possibility according to slow light latest experiments if needed). This phenomenon is seen in different science disciplines: one of them is in thermodynamics where the local velocity of gas particles is much more higher then the global velocity of the gas because of particles trajectory change.

Possibilities A an B gives Consequence C : Both out-waves and in-waves curve the medium, and the curved medium change their trajectories to nearly spherical.

http://www.spaceandmotion.com/science-physics-wsm-wave-diagrams.htm

In the possible Consequence C, we have here a perfect causality dilemma (the chicken or the egg?): does waves curve the medium or the medium curves the waves? The answer can only be: Both at the same time of course. Each entity is defined by the other and vice versa

CONCLUSION

We view physics from the medium perspective. It’s an induction process. Then we are in the world of possibilities and alternatives and not (yet) in the word of certitudes until they are mathematically or numerically formalized.

Since possibilities A, B and C are linked and give solutions to more then one fundamental issue: light propagation (the existence of Aether) , light bend (aether distortion), gravity (aether distortion), how a "particle" moves in the Aether; then these 3 possibilities worth to be studied deeper.

There is only two ways to formalize them:

Mathematical formalism: very conventional and strong for demonstration but It needs a lot of development effort and the amount of people that could understand it, is highly reduced.
Numerical simulation: less strong for demonstration but scientifically accepted, more quick to implement and more easy to share with non mathematicians.

Induction process fits perfectly to numerical simulations. The Idea is not to implement out-wave and in-wave formulas or waves principles in a software, but to create an ideal virtual medium and measure the emerging phenomenon happening in it, with the minimum external intervention possible. Therefore, depending on the results we will only have to change some properties of the medium to model reality and find solution to some physics issues (exMilgrom Modified Newton Dynamics vs Dark matter).

Thank you for reading

Saâd RIFFI

The Physics Unification Project

2007-12-17T23:46:00.000Z

INTRODUCTION

In physics literature when looking for a visual representation of gravity, you will find that pictures show a banding of a grid representing space time around and through mass:

It’s a very good beginning to put an image on a complex concept because it helps a lot understanding dynamics behind this phenomenon.

The only thing that pushes us to keep the concept of duality alive is gravity. Everything tends to show that matter is only spherical standing waves in a medium (Aether).

In this few pages we will suppose a structure of the Aether as a conceptual medium through which light and other electromagnetic waves are supposed to propagate and we will define its structure characteristics that agrees gravity law.

A simulated virtual medium of waves that agrees with gravity laws should show all possible explanations to gravity anomalies like galaxy rotation curve, universe expansion perception or Pioneer anomaly

“The argument is saying that you could reject the Aether model and be consistent with experiment, but you do not have to. In some cases, you may want to work with a model that you can actually visualize. In such a case, it is good to know that you are not in conflict with experiment (…) Furthermore Aether-like models have the advantage of being easier to understand intuitively than purely mathematical models..” Gerard Westendorp

In this few pages also, we will see:

Through some famous quotes, that the theory of the Aether is the base hypothesis that have built all our fundamental physics theories And as pointed out by Dirac (1951), Aether theories do not contradict quantum mechanics
A very useful explanation of the inverse square law
There exists a structure of the Aether as a conceptual medium with a behavior that follows the inverse square law using Netlogo software for simulation. This Aether structure definition is based on a springs structure
Using Netlogo for simulation, we will also explore Aether characteristics that could ovoid the need of Dark matter and dark energy to explain gravity singularities. And will try to list all possible explanations to universe expansion perception

This document propose that matter is only a perception (schaumkommen) as Erwin Schroedinger said; and the new definition of matter that agrees with all basic physics theories should be: spherical standing waves that pull a portion of Aether and create a distortion (gravity) through it.

All what is coming next is based on the wave structure of matter reality (WSM). So please visit these two websites if you are not familiar with WSM concepts:

http://www.quantummatter.com/ (Millo Wolff) The central theme of this website is the recently recognized Wave Structure of Matter (particles) and the exciting consequences of their matter waves that exist throughout the universe. It provides a new vision of the “Standard Model” of physics and its shortcomings.

http://www.spaceandmotion.com/help/introduction-physics-philosophy-metaphysics-space.htm (Geoff Haselhurst - Karene Howie) very didactic and simple explanations about the wave structure of matter

it shows you how to deduce Reality for yourself and confirm it is true.

There are just two steps, founded on logical empirical rules of Science (no opinions);

Deduce the most Simple Science Theory of Reality - the Wave Structure of Matter in Space.
Show the Wave Structure of Matter (WSM) correctly deduces fundamentals of Metaphysics, Physics & Philosophy.

We all view the reality from our angle, our perspective. Reality is absolute but our perception depends on the angle from which we see this reality. Thus our perception and our measurement instruments are all relative and give only a portion of reality.

And because our perception is relative and the reality is absolute we should imagine all the possibilities, even those which seem a priori impossible to complete the reality perception!
That’s why in this website we are combining:

Induction and deduction
Systemic and analytic approach
Emergence approach

In Emergence approach, models are not rigid; then you have more freedom to adapt the model in order to map reality

The most simple theory must be founded on One thing (substance) existing with properties (Geoff Haselhurst)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Someday we'll understand the whole thing as one single marvelous vision that will seem so overwhelmingly simple and beautiful that we may say to each other; 'Oh, how could be have been so stupid for so long? How could it have been otherwise!' (J. A. Wheeler)

Gravity Law Anomalies

2007-12-17T21:36:00.000Z

Actually all the following issues are described as gravitational anomalies. It would be better to describe them as gravity law anomalies. Usually, in a normal scientific approach, anomalies help to develop more simple and efficient models. That’s what we will try to do using our simple springs model. Here is a brief description of these anomalies:

Dark matter
most stars in spiral galaxies orbit at roughly the same speed whatever is there distance from the center of the galaxy. This corroborated observation pointed at an important issue with Newtonian gravity

Rotation curve of a typical spiral galaxy: predicted (A) and observed (B). Dark matter can explain the velocity curve having a "flat" appearance out to a large radius. source: Wikipedia

This result suggests that either Newtonian gravity does not apply universally or that, conservatively, upwards of 50% of the mass of galaxies was contained in the relatively dark galactic halo.

This have suggested two possible theories:

Dark matter theory: hypothetic non detectable matter composing the dark galactic halo is a possible simple explanation but we still don’t know why it is there and why we can not detect something that composes over 90% of the universe mass
(MOND theory) Modified Newtonian Dynamics: which corrects Newton's laws at small acceleration. But as an effective theory, it describes the dynamics of accelerated object with an equation, without any physical justification.

Dark energy

The Big bang theory suggested first that the universe has exploded and is expanding, but due to universe mass, the expansion should decelerate. But in 1998 a corroborated observations of type Ia supernovae ("one-A") showed that the expansion is accelerating! Then the most simple explanation arises : It should exist an energy (dark because we don't know what it could be) that push the universe, otherwise it would not accelerate. But until today the nature of the dark energy is a deep mystery an Dark energy issue created a lot of difficulties to dark matter models.

A possible alternative to dark energy is that the redshift is more a tired light effect than Doppler effect. Then all the calculations about an expending universe are may be not as exact as we could expect!!

Martin Kunz : The cosmological concordance model contains two separate constituents which interact only gravitationally with themselves and everything else, the dark matter and the dark energy. In the standard dark energy models, the dark matter makes up some 20% of the total energy budget today, while the dark energy is responsible for about 75%. (…)

The Pioneer anomaly

Pioneer anomaly is the observed deviation from expectations of the trajectories of various spacecraft visiting the outer solar system, it seems that the probes are pushed toward the sun or pulled by the sun more than it should according to Newton gravity law

Modeling with springs

With our very simple springs model we found that the Newtonian law is exactly represented in a hookean spring structure. So what are the modifications or the dynamics that could lead to pioneer effect and galaxy rotational curves explanation using our simple springs model?

1- If we can suppose that universe is expanding or visible universe is expanding; then we can also suppose that light medium is shrinking! a shrinking light medium would lead to the same perception! But when we tried in simulation we found something new (emerging effect): a shrinking medium modifies tension distribution around a pulling point (mass) and the simulation shows an additional push toward to the pulling point in long distances!. Hopefully, expanding and shrinking is an intrinsic characteristic of our springs structure without the need of a big bang. Shrinking universe simulation (released!)

2- To agree with observations, the first simple modification of the model could concern springs. In fact, in our model, springs are hookean but in nature, Hooke's law is only valid for the portion of the curve between the origin and the yield point, and hook’s law is only a very good approximation in this portion, exactly, as Newton law is. Then, non hookean springs are a possible model base to explain the anomalies

Next steps:

1- Non hookean springs structure (within 3 months)

2- Combination between both possibilities to fit to all observations (within 4 or 5 months depending on your contribution)

Ether1 (proposal)

2007-10-05T01:39:00.002Z

With reference to Gödel's incompleteness theorem WIKIPEDIA

Several scientists claim that Gödel's incompleteness theorem proves any attempt to develop a TOE impossible. Stanley Jaki pointed out in his 1966 book The Relevance of Physics, that Gödel's theorem states that any non-trivial mathematical theory will be either incomplete or inconsistent and since any 'theory of everything' will certainly be a non-trivial mathematical theory, it must be either incomplete or inconsistent, thus dooming searches for a deterministic theory of everything in which all the parameters are defined internally and consistently.^[6]. Freeman Dyson supports this view stating

“	Gödel’s theorem implies that pure mathematics is inexhaustible. No matter how many problems we solve, there will always be other problems that cannot be solved within the existing rules. … because of Gödel's theorem, physics is inexhaustible too. The laws of physics are a finite set of rules, and include the rules for doing mathematics, so that Gödel's theorem applies to them.	„
—Freeman Dyson, NYRB, May 13, 2004

Stephen Hawking was originally a believer in the arrival at a Theory of Everything but through use of Gödel's Theorem concluded that one was not obtainable.

“	Some people will be very disappointed if there is not an ultimate theory, that can be formulated as a finite number of principles. I used to belong to that camp, but I have changed my mind.	„
—Stephen Hawking, Gödel and the end of physics, July 20, 2002

The acceptance of this view is not universally held and has been argued against by Solomon Feferman^[7]

But if we try to have a global and systemic vision rather than a pure mathematical view, we will see that the more fundamental is science the more simple and homogeneous it is.

That’s why in this website we are using :

Induction rather than deduction
Systemic rather than analytic approach
Emergence approach

-----------------------------------------------------------

Now we have linked between electromagnetic waves and gravity with a simple springs structure that represents Ether. Let’s try to build a model.

The simple springs structure was a way to explain gravity but it’s certainly not the most simple shape that could give this result.

Recapitulating the quotes we have started with, we can now complete the references and can say that there exists one Ether:

that agrees with the General theory of relativity (Einstein. 1920);
that not only occupies all space between molecules, atoms, or electrons, but that it pervades all these particles (Lorentz.1906).
and where electromagnetic waves are mechanical waves in the Ether (James Clerk Maxwell)

And where spherical standing waves (matter) compress a portion of the Ether which causes a pull through the Ether (gravity)

There may exist dozens of shapes agreeing with waves and gravity laws.

But if Ether1 is the theory of every thing, then it should be, homogeneous, simple, and then, the amount of possibilities is reduced

In a 2d view, the simplest possible structure that agrees with both waves and gravitational law is:

In a 3D view it’s Kepler conjecture sphere packing

Source: Wikipedia

Ether Quotes

2007-10-03T17:14:00.002Z

Waves curves space time, space time determines how waves moves

GRAVITY

Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity (GTR) has been summarized as, 'The matter of the universe determines the properties of Space, and the properties of Space determine the behaviour of matter.'

1. Gravity is the manifestation of the curvature of Spacetime

Gravity is no longer described by a gravitational "field" but is a manifestation of a distortion of spacetime.

Matter curves spacetime; spacetime determines how matter moves.

2. Energy and Mass are equivalent

Any object with energy is affected by the curvature of spacetime

(Source : Joint Center for Astrophysics)

Thanks to (Geoff Haselhurst - Karene Howie) who have assemble the following quotes http://www.spaceandmotion.com/

ETHER

Recapitulating, we may say that according to the general theory of relativity space is endowed with physical qualities; in this sense, therefore, there exists an ether. According to the general theory of relativity space without ether is unthinkable; for in such space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also no possibility of existence for standards of space and time (measuring-rods and clocks), nor therefore any space-time intervals in the physical sense. (Albert Einstein, Leiden Lecture, 1920)

Indeed one of the most important of our fundamental assumptions must be that the ether not only occupies all space between molecules, atoms, or electrons, but that it pervades all these particles. We shall add the hypothesis that, though the particles may move, the ether always remains at rest. (Lorentz, 1906)

In speaking of the Energy of the field, however, I wish to be understood literally. All energy is the same as mechanical energy, whether it exists in the form of motion or in that of elasticity, or in any other form. The energy in electromagnetic phenomena is mechanical energy. (James Clerk Maxwell)

According to this last J.C. Maxwell quote I had a strong believe that if electromagnetic phenomena is a "literally" mechanical energy, then gravity should also be a mechanical phenomena.

Wave Structure of Matter

What we observe as material bodies and forces are nothing but shapes and variations in the structure of space. Particles are just schaumkommen. (appearances)

Erwin Schrödinger (1937)

The General Theory of Relativity is an experimentally correct description of the universe but how or why it occurs was mysterious. With the Wave Structure of Matter (WSM) we now see the existence of a universal symmetry and interdependence of all matter in the universe. The Wave Structure of Matter is the cause of this profound symmetry.

Principle Two of the WSM can be rephrased as, All waves from matter of the universe determine the Wave-Density of Space which determines the velocity of the waves c which then determines the behavior of matter in Space. Milo Wolff

The Wave Structure of fundamental Particles evolved over five years. It began with a simple speculation that waves in Space could explain the de Broglie wavelength. It continued to agree with more laws and observations than I first expected and I was amazed. The 'Particle' is two identical spherical waves travelling radially in opposite directions so that together they form a spherical standing wave. The wave which travels inward towards the center is called an In-Wave, and the wave travelling outward is an Out-Wave. The nominal location of the ‘Particle’ is the Wave-Center, but as must be true for any charged Particle, it has presence everywhere in Space because the charge forces extend throughout the Universe. Milo Wolff

Recapitulating these quotes we can say that there exists one Ether:

that agrees with the General theory of relativity (Einstein. 1920);
that not only occupies all space between molecules, atoms, or electrons, but that it pervades all these particles (Lorentz.1906).
and where electromagnetic waves are mechanical waves in the Ether (James Clerk Maxwell)

All what is missing is the relation between gravity and the Ether

Inverse Square Law

2007-10-03T16:45:00.000Z

(Source: Hyperphysics website)

Any point source which spreads its influence equally in all directions without a limit to its range will obey the inverse square law. This comes from strictly geometrical considerations. The intensity of the influence at any given radius r is the source strength divided by the area of the sphere. Being strictly geometric in its origin, the inverse square law applies to diverse phenomena. Point sources of gravitational force, electric field, light, sound or radiation obey the inverse square law. It is a subject of continuing debate with a source such as a skunk on top of a flag pole; will it's smell drop off according to the inverse square law?

This graph represents the drop of sound intensity according to the inverse square law. In this case, the inverse square law shows the rapid loss of sound intensity

The application of the inverse square law is always associated with a loss of intensity The same intensity drop can be found in several kinds of 3d distribution: Gravity, Electric field, Light, Sound, Radiation

in a 3d spring structure,
tension distribution follows
the same inverse square law intensity drop

Let’s demonstrate, using simulation in a 2d spring structure(below) that if we apply a tension T in the point A we would have in the red, magenta and yellow springs a drop of intensity that follows the inverse law

And deduce that in in 3d spring structure, tensions follow the inverse square law:

In order to show that both tension and delta tension follows the inverse square law, we have used a simulation software "Netlogo"